ORME-JOHNSON, D. W., and FARROW, J. T., eds. 1977. Scientific researchon the Transcendental Meditation program: Collected papers, vol. 1.Rheinweiler, W. Germany: MERU Press.
The Studies in the First Two Sections Document Changes during the Practiceof the Transcendental Meditation Technique Unless Otherwise Stated.
A: Metabolic Changes
1. WALLACE, R. K. Physiological effects of Transcendental Meditation.Science 167: 1751-1754, 1970.
Indications of Deep Rest along with Wakeful, Ordered State of Brain Functioning:Decreased Metabolic Rate (Decreased Oxygen Consumption and Unchanged RespiratoryQuotient); Decreased Minute Ventilation; Decreased Heart Rate; IncreasedBasal Skin Resistance; Increased Regularity and Intensity of EEG Alpha Activity.
2. WALLACE, R. K. The physiological effects of Transcendental Meditation:A proposed fourth major state of consciousness. Doctoral thesis, Departmentof Physiology, School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles,Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., 1970.
Indications of Deep Rest along with Wakeful, Ordered State of Brain Functioning:Decreased Metabolic Rate (Decreased Oxygen Consumption and Decreased CarbonDioxide Elimination); Normal Arterial Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide PartialPressures; Decreased Respiration Rate; Decreased Heart Rate; Increased BasalSkin Resistance; Increased Regularity and Intensity of EEG Alpha Activityin Frontal and Central Regions. Reduction in Biochemical Index of Stress:Decreased Arterial Lactate Levels. Self-Reported Improvements in Physicaland Mental Health, and Resistance to Disease.
3. WALLACE, R. K., et al. A wakeful hypometabolic physiologic state.American Journal of Physiology 221: 795-799, 1971.
Indications of Deep Rest along with Wakeful, Ordered State of Brain Functioning:Decreased Metabolic Rate (Decreased Oxygen Consumption and Decreased CarbonDioxide Elimination); Normal Arterial Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide PartialPressures; Decreased Respiration Rate; Decreased Minute Ventilation; DecreasedHeart Rate; Increased Basal Skin Resistance; Increased Regularity and Intensityof EEG Alpha Activity in Frontal and Central Regions; Episodes of RhythmicalEEG Theta Activity in Frontal Region. Reduction in Biochemical Index ofStress: Decreased Arterial Lactate Levels.
4. WALLACE, R. K., et al. The physiology of meditation. ScientificAmerican 226: 84-90, 1972.
Indications of Deep Rest along with Wakeful, Ordered State of Brain Functioning:Decreased Metabolic Rate (Decreased Oxygen Consumption and Decreased CarbonDioxide Elimination); Normal Arterial Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide PartialPressures; Decreased Respiration Rate; Decreased Minute Ventilation; DecreasedHeart Rate; Increased Skin Resistance; Increased Regularity and Intensityof EEG Alpha Activity in Frontal and Central Regions. Reduction in BiochemicalIndex of Stress: Decreased Arterial Lactate Levels.
5. ALLISON, J. Respiratory changes during Transcendental Meditation.Lancet 7651: 833, 1970.
Indication of Deep Rest: Decreased Respiration Rate.
6. COREY, P. W. Airway conductance and oxygen consumption changes associatedwith practice of the Transcendental Meditation technique. University ofColorado Medical Center, Denver, Colorado, U.S.A., 1973.
Increased Ease of Breathing: Increased Airway Conductance. Indicationsof Deep Rest: Decreased Metabolic Rate (Decreased Oxygen Consumption andDecreased Carbon Dioxide Elimination); Decreased Heart Rate. Maintenanceof a Relaxed Style of Physiological Functioning Outside of Meditation: LowerBasal Metabolic Rate after Meditation.
7. FARROW, J. T. Physiological changes associated with transcendentalconsciousness, the state of least excitation of consciousness. PsychophysiologyLaboratory, Centre for the Study of Higher States of Consciousness, MaharishiEuropean Research University, Switzerland, 1975.
Experience of Transcendental Consciousness Associated with: High EEGCoherence in the Theta, Alpha, and Beta Bands; Episodes of Spontaneous BreathSuspension (Not Followed by Hyperventilation); Marked Reductions in RespirationRate, Minute Ventilation, Metabolic Rate (Oxygen Consumption and CarbonDioxide Elimination), and Heart Rate; Increased Basal Skin Resistance; Cessationof Spontaneous Skin Resistance Response.
8. HEBERT, J. R. Periodic suspension of respiration during the TranscendentalMeditation technique. Psychophysiology Laboratory, Centre for the Studyof Higher States of Consciousness, Maharishi European Research University,Switzerland, 1976.
Maximum State of Deep Rest: Episodes of Spontaneous Breath Suspension(Not Followed by Hyperventilation).
9. DHANARAJ, V. H., and SINGH, M. Reduction in metabolic rate duringthe practice of the Transcendental Meditation technique. Doctoral thesisof first author (summary), Department of Physical Education, Universityof Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Paper presented at the first CanadianCongress for Multidisciplinary Study of Sport and Physical Activity, Quebec,Canada, October 1973.
Indications of Deep Rest: Decreased Metabolic Rate (Decreased OxygenConsumption and Unchanged Respiratory Quotient); Decreased Tidal Volume;Decreased Respiration Rate.
10. BAKKER, R. Decreased respiratory rate during the Transcendental Meditationtechnique: A replication. Department of Biology, California State Collegeat Sonoma, Sonoma, California, U.S.A., 1974.
Indication of Deep Rest: Decreased Respiration Rate.
11. LEVANDER, V. L., et al. Increased forearm blood flow during a wakefulhypometabolic state. Federation Proceedings 31: 405 (Abstract), 1972.
Small Increase in Forearm Blood Flow.
12. JEVNING, R.; WILSON, A.; VANDERLAAN, E.; and LEVINE, S. Plasma prolactinand cortisol during Transcendental Meditation. Findings previously publishedin The Endocrine Society Program 57th Annual Meeting, New York City,18-20 June 1975, p. 257 (Abstract).
Reduction in Biochemical Index of Stress: Decreased Plasma Cortisol Levels.Small Increase in Plasma Prolactin Immediately following TranscendentalMeditation.
13. JEVNING, R.; WILSON, A. F.; and SMITH, W. R. Plasma amino acids duringthe Transcendental Meditation technique: Comparison to sleep. Findings previouslypublished in Sleep research, vol. 4, ed. M. H. Chase, W. C. Stern,and P. L. Walter, pp. 79-80 (Abstract). Los Angeles: Brain Information Service,Brain Research Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles,California, U.S.A., 1975.
Increased Plasma Phenylalanine Levels.
B: Electrophysiological and Electroencephalographic Changes
14. BANQUET, J. P. EEG and meditation. Electroencephalography andClinical Neurophysiology 33: 454 (Abstract), 1972.
EEG Indications of Restful Alertness: Coexistence of Theta and Deltawith Alpha and Beta EEG Activity. Increased Orderliness and Integrationof Brain Functioning: Hypersynchrony and Rhythmicity; Synchronization ofAnterior and Posterior Channels; Periods of Uniformity of Frequency andAmplitude from All Leads.
15. BANQUET, J. P. Spectral analysis of the EEG in meditation. Electroencephalographyand Clinical Neurophysiology 35: 143-151, 1973.
Increased Orderliness and Integration of Brain Functioning: High AmplitudeEEG Alpha Activity Extending to Anterior Channels; Bursts of High AmplitudeTheta Activity in All Channels; Rhythmic High Amplitude Beta Activity inAll Channels; Synchronization of Anterior and Posterior Channels. ElectromyographicEvidence of Deep Muscular Relaxation.
16. WESTCOTT, M. Hemispheric symmetry of the EEG during the TranscendentalMeditation technique. Department of Psychology, University of Durham, Durham,England, 1973.
Increased Orderliness and Integration of Brain Functioning: High Levelsof Interhemispheric EEG Alpha Correlation; Greater Power Balance betweenRight and Left Hemispheres.
17. BANQUET, J. P., and SAILHAN, M. EEG analysis of spontaneous and inducedstates of consciousness. Revue d'Electroencéphalographie et deNeurophysiologie Clinique 4: 445-453, 1974.
EEG Indications of Restful Alertness: Less Activation (Decreased Proportionof Beta to Alpha); Greater Wakefulness (Increased Proportion of Alpha toDelta). Increased Orderliness and Integration of Brain Functioning: GreaterInterhemispheric and Intrahemispheric EEG Synchrony.
18. KRAS, D. J. The Transcendental Meditation technique and EEG alphaactivity. Department of Psychology, Stirling University, Stirling, Scotland,1974.
EEG Indications of Restful Alertness: Increased Alpha Activity in AllAreas of the Brain. Maintenance of a More Relaxed Style of PhysiologicalFunctioning Outside of Meditation: Persistence of Greater Alpha Activityfollowing Meditation.
19. BANQUET, J. P., and SAILHAN, M. Quantified EEG spectral analysisof sleep and Transcendental Meditation. Stanley Cobb Laboratories for PsychiatricResearch, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston,Massachusetts, U.S.A., and Institut La Rochefoucauld, Paris, France. Paperpresented at the Second European Congress on Sleep Research, Rome, Italy,10 April 1974.
EEG Indications of Inner Wakefulness during Sleep.
20. LEVINE, P. H.; HEBERT, J. R.; HAYNES, C. T.; and STROBEL, U. EEGcoherence during the Transcendental Meditation technique. PsychophysiologyLaboratory, Centre for the Study of Higher States of Consciousness, MaharishiEuropean Research University, Switzerland, 1976.
Increased Orderliness and Integration of Brain Functioning: IncreasedEEG Coherence Especially in Alpha and Theta Bands.
21. HAYNES, C. T.; HEBERT, J. R.; REBER, W.; and ORME-JOHNSON, D. W.The psychophysiology of advanced participants in the Transcendental Meditationprogram: Correlations of EEG coherence, creativity, H-reflex recovery, andexperience of transcendental consciousness. Psychophysiology Laboratory,Centre for the Study of Higher States of Consciousness, Maharishi EuropeanResearch University, Switzerland, 1976.
Correlations between High EEG Coherence, High Levels of Creativity, EnhancedNeurological Efficiency (Faster H-Reflex Recovery), and Clarity of Experiencesof Transcendental Consciousness.
22. JANBY, J. Immediate effects of the Transcendental Meditation technique:Increased skin resistance during first meditation after instruction. Instituteof Psychology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark, 1973.
Indication of Deep Relaxation: Marked Increase in Basal Skin Resistance.
23. LAURIE, G. An investigation into the changes in skin resistance duringthe Transcendental Meditation technique. Department of Psychology, PortsmouthPolytechnic, Portsmouth, Hampshire, England, 1973.
Indication of Deep Relaxation: Marked Increase in Basal Skin Resistance.
24. WEST, M. A. Changes in skin resistance in subjects resting, reading,listening to music, or practicing the Transcendental Meditation technique.University College of Swansea, University of Wales, Swansea, Wales, 1973.
Indication of Deep Relaxation: Marked Increase in Basal Skin Resistance.
C: Physiological Efficiency and Stability
25. ORME-JOHNSON, D. W. Autonomic stability and Transcendental Meditation.Psychosomatic Medicine 35: 341-349, 1973.
Improved Resistance to Stress and Greater Autonomic Stability: FasterHabituation of Skin Resistance Response to Stressful Stimuli; Fewer MultipleResponses; Fewer Spontaneous Skin Resistance Responses.
26. WILCOX, G. G. Autonomic functioning in subjects practicing the TranscendentalMeditation technique. School of Applied Psychology, University of New SouthWales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, 1973.
Improved Resistance to Stress and Greater Autonomic Stability: FasterHabituation of Skin Resistance Response to Stressful Stimuli; Fewer SpontaneousSkin Resistance Responses.
27. BERKER, E. Stability of skin resistance responses one week afterinstruction in the Transcendental Meditation technique. Department of Biology,Rollins College, Winter Park, Florida, U.S.A., 1974.
Improved Resistance to Stress and Greater Autonomic Stability: FasterHabituation of Skin Resistance Response to Stressful Stimuli; Fewer SpontaneousSkin Resistance Responses.
28. SMITH, T. R. The Transcendental Meditation technique and skin resistanceresponse to loud tones. Department of Psychology, Eastern Michigan University,Ypsilanti, Michigan, U.S.A., 1974.
Improved Resistance to Stress and Greater Autonomic Stability: FasterHabituation of Skin Resistance Response to Stressful Stimuli.
29. WILLIAMS, P., and WEST, M. EEG responses to photic stimulation inpersons experienced at meditation. Electroencephalography and ClinicalNeurophysiology 39: 519-522, 1975.
EEG Indications of Greater Alertness (in Response to Photic Stimulation).
30. ROUTT, T. J. Low normal heart and respiration rates in individualspracticing the Transcendental Meditation technique. Department of Psychology,Huxley College of Environmental Studies, Western Washington State College,Bellingham, Washington, U.S.A., 1973.
Increased Basal Skin Resistance during Transcendental Meditation. Maintenanceof a Relaxed Style of Physiological Functioning outside the Practice ofTranscendental Meditation: Lower Heart Rate; Lower Respiration Rate.
31. MCDONAGH, J. M., and EGENES, T. The Transcendental Meditation techniqueand temperature homeostasis. Department of Psychology, St. Mary's College,Notre Dame, Indiana, U.S.A., 1973.
Enhanced Temperature Homeostasis: Faster Recovery of Normal Skin Temperaturefollowing Exertion.
D: Health
32. WALLACE, R. K., et al. Decreased blood pressure in hypertensive subjectswho practiced meditation. Supplement II to Circulation 45 and 46:516 (Abstract), 1972.
Improvements in Hypertensive Subjects: Decreased Blood Pressure.
33. BLACKWELL, B.; HANENSON, I. B.; BLOOMFIELD, S. S.; MAGENHEIM, H.G.; NIDICH, S. I.; and GARTSIDE, P. Effects of Transcendental Meditationon blood pressure: A controlled pilot experiment. Psychosomatic Medicine37(1): 86 (Abstract), 1976.
Improvements in Hypertensive Subjects: Decreased Blood Pressure; DecreasedAnxiety.
34. SIMON, D. B.; OPARIL, S.; and KIMBALL, C. P. The Transcendental Meditationprogram and essential hypertension. Hypertension Clinic and Department ofPsychiatry, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago,Illinois, U.S.A., 1974.
Improvements in Hypertensive Subjects: Decreased Blood Pressure. Improvementsin Patients with Angina Pectoris: Improved Exercise Tolerance; IncreasedMaximum Workload; Delayed Appearance of Electrocardiographic Abnormalitiesduring Exercise (Delayed Onset of ST Segment Depression); Decreased DoubleProduct; Clinical Observations of Decreased Anxiety; Decreased Need forTranquillizers and Anti-Anginal Drugs; Improved Sleeping Patterns; ImprovedPersonal Relationships.
35. ZAMARRA, J. W. ; BESSEGHINI, I.: and WITTENBERG, S. The effects ofthe Transcendental Meditation program on the exercise performance of patientswith angina pectoris. Department of Medicine, State University of New Yorkat Buffalo, New York, U.S.A., and Buffalo Veterans Administration Hospital,Buffalo, New York, U.S.A., 1975.
Improvements in Patients with Angina Pectoris; Improved Exercise Tolerance;Increased Maximum Workload; Delayed Appearance of Electrocardiographic Abnormalitiesduring Exercise (Delayed Onset of ST Segment Depression); Decreased DoubleProduct; Clinical Observations of Decreased Anxiety; Decreased Need forTranquillizers and Anti-Anginal Drugs; Improved Sleeping Patterns; ImprovedPersonal Relationships.
36. HONSBERGER, R. W., and WILSON, A. F. The effect of TranscendentalMeditation upon bronchial asthma. Clinical Research 21: 278 (Abstract),1973.
Improvements in Patients with Bronchial Asthma: Decreased Severity ofSymptoms Reported by Patients and Physicians; Reduced Airway Resistance.
37. HONSBERGER, R. W., and WILSON, A. F. Transcendental Meditation intreating asthma. Respiratory Therapy: The Journal of Inhalation Technology3: 79-80, 1973.
Improvements in Patients with Bronchial Asthma: Decreased Severity ofSymptoms; Reduced Airway Resistance.
38. WILSON, A. F.; HONSBERGER, R. W.; CHIU, J. T.; and NOVEY, H. S. TranscendentalMeditation and asthma. Respiration 32: 74-80, 1975.
Improvements in Patients with Bronchial Asthma: Decreased Severity ofSymptoms Reported by Patients and Physicians; Reduced Airway Resistance.
39. KLEMONS, I. M. Changes in inflammation in persons practicing theTranscendental Meditation technique. Department of Health Education, PennsylvaniaState University, University Park, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., 1972.
Improved Periodontal Health: Decreased Gingival Inflammation.
40. MISKIMAN, D. E. The effect of the Transcendental Meditation programon compensatory paradoxical sleep. Graduate Department of Psychology, Universityof Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, 1972.
Faster Recovery from Sleep Deprivation.
41. MISKIMAN, D. E. The treatment of insomnia by the Transcendental Meditationprogram. Graduate Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton,Alberta, Canada, 1972.
Relief from Insomnia: Decreased Time Taken to Fall Asleep.
42. MISKIMAN, D. E. Long-term effects of the Transcendental Meditationprogram in the treatment of insomnia. Graduate Department of Psychology,University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, 1975.
Relief from Insomnia: Decreased Time Taken to Fall Asleep (Benefits Sustainedover Time).
43. MCINTYRE, M. E.; SILVERMAN, F. H.; and TROTTER, W. D. TranscendentalMeditation and stuttering: A preliminary report. Perceptual and MotorSkills 39: 294 (Abstract), 1974.
Decreased Stuttering.
44. WELDON, J. T., and ARON, A. The Transcendental Meditation programand normalization of weight. Department of Psychology, Maharishi InternationalUniversity, Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A., 1974.
Normalization of Weight.
E: Motor and Perceptual Ability, and Athletic Performance
45. SHAW, R., and KOLB, D. Reaction time following the TranscendentalMeditation technique. Graduate Department of Psychology, University of Texasat Austin, Austin, Texas, U.S.A., 1971.
Improved Mind-Body Co-ordination: Faster Reactions.
46. APPELLE, S., and OSWALD, L. E. Simple reaction time as a functionof alertness and prior mental activity. Perceptual and Motor Skills 38:1263-1268, 1974.
Improved Mind-Body Co-ordination: Faster Reactions.
47. ORME-JOHNSON, D. W.; KOLB, D.; and HEBERT, J. R. An experimentalanalysis of the effects of the Transcendental Meditation technique on reactiontime. International Center for Scientific Research, Maharishi InternationalUniversity, Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A., 1973.
Improved Mind-Body Co-ordination: Faster Reactions.
48. BLASDELL, K. S. The effects of the Transcendental Meditation techniqueupon a complex perceptual-motor task. Department of Kinesiology, Universityof California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., 1971.
Improved Mind-Body Co-ordination: Superior Perceptual-Motor Performance.
49. RIMOL, A. G. P. The Transcendental Meditation technique and its effectson sensory-motor performance. Department of Psychology, Princeton University,Princeton, New Jersey, U.S.A., 1974.
Improved Mind-Body Co-ordination: Short- and Long-Term Improvements inComplex Sensory-Motor Performance.
50. PIROT, M. The effects of the Transcendental Meditation techniqueupon auditory discrimination. Department of Psychology, University of Victoria,Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, 1973.
Increased Perceptual Acuity: Improved Auditory Temporal Discrimination.
51. PELLETIER, K. R. Influence of Transcendental Meditation upon autokineticperception. Perceptual and Motor Skills 39: 1031-1034, 1974.
Increased Field Independence (Growth of a Stable Internal Frame of Reference,Increased Perceptual Acuity).
52. PELLETIER, K. R. The effects of the Transcendental Meditation programon perceptual style: Increased field independence. Langley Porter NeuropsychiatricInstitute, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, California,U.S.A. Paper presented at the meeting of the Western Psychological Association,San Francisco, California, 25-28 April 1974.
Increased Field Independence (Growth of a Stable Internal Frame of Reference,Increased Perceptual Acuity).
53. REDDY, M. K.; BAI, A. J. L.; and RAO, V. R. The effects of the TranscendentalMeditation program on athletic performance. A.P. Sports Council, Lal BahadarStadium, and Nilouffer Hospital Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India, 1974.
Benefits for Athletes: Improved Physiological Functioning--Improved CardiovascularEfficiency; Improved Respiratory Efficiency (Increased Vital Capacity);Reduction of Blood Pressure to More Ideal Levels; Increased Hemoglobin Concentration.Improved Athletic Performance and Neuromuscular Integration: Increased RunningSpeed; Improved Standing Broad Jump; Improved Agility; Faster Reactionsand Improved Co-ordination. Increased Intelligence.
A: Intelligence, Learning, and Academic Performance
54. TJOA, A. Some evidence that the Transcendental Meditation programincreases intelligence and reduces neuroticism as measured by psychologicaltests. G.I.T.P., Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1972.
Benefits for High School Students: Decreased Neuroticism; Greater IntelligenceGrowth Rate: Increased Fluid Intelligence.
55. TJOA, A. Increased intelligence and reduced neuroticism through theTranscendental Meditation program. Findings previously published as "Meditation,neuroticism and intelligence: A follow-up" in Gedrag: Tijdschriftvoor Psychologie (Behavior: Journal of Psychology) 3: 167-182, 1975.
Increased Fluid Intelligence; Decreased Neuroticism; Decreased SomaticNeurotic Instability.
56. ABRAMS, A. I. Paired-associate learning and recall: A pilot studyof the Transcendental Meditation program. Graduate Department of Education,University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, U.S.A., 1972.
Benefits for University Students: Quicker Acquisition of Information(Better Learning Ability); Superior Recall.
57. MISKIMAN, D. E. Performance on a learning task by subjects who practicethe Transcendental Meditation technique. Graduate Department of Psychology,University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, 1972.
Benefits for University Students: Superior Learning Ability.
58. MISKIMAN, D. E. The effect of the Transcendental Meditation programon the organization of thinking and recall (secondary organization). GraduateDepartment of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,1973.
Benefits for University Students: Improved Spontaneous Organization ofMemory; Improved Stabilization of Organized Memory; Improved Problem-SolvingAbility.
59. COLLIER, R. W. The effect of the Transcendental Meditation programupon university academic attainment. Department of English as a Second Language,College of Arts and Sciences, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A.,1973.
Benefits for University Students: Improved Academic Performance.
60. HEATON, D. P., and ORME-JOHNSON, D. W. The Transcendental Meditationprogram and academic achievement. International Center for Scientific Research,Maharishi International University, Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A., 1974.
Benefits for University Students: Improved Academic Performance.
61. CORY, R., and HUFNAGEL, P. The effect of the Science of CreativeIntelligence course on high school students: A preliminary report. AmericanFoundation for the Science of Creative Intelligence, Hartford, Connecticut,U.S.A., 1974.
Benefits for High School Students: Improved Academic Performance; ReducedState and Trait Anxiety.
62. SHECTER, H. The Transcendental Meditation program in the classroom:A psychological evaluation. Doctoral thesis (summary), Graduate Departmentof Psychology, York University, North York, Ontario, Canada, DissertationAbstracts International 38 (07) (1977): 3372B.
Benefits for High School Students: Improved Intellectual Performance(Increased Problem Solving Ability); Increased Creativity; Increased EnergyLevel; Increased Innovation, Autonomy, and Independence; Increased Self-Esteem;Increased Tolerance; Increased Ability to Deal with Abstract and ComplexSituations; Decreased Anxiety.
63. MACCALLUM, M. J. The Transcendental Meditation program and creativity.Graduate Department of Psychology, California State University at Long Beach,Long Beach, California, U.S.A., 1974.
Greater Creativity: Greater Fluency, Flexibility, and Originality ofCreative Thought.
B: Development of Personality
64. SEEMAN, W.; NIDICH, S.; and BANTA, T. Influence of TranscendentalMeditation on a measure of self-actualization. Journal of CounselingPsychology 19: 184-187, 1972.
(Increased Self-Actualization: Increased Inner-Directedness (Independence,Self-Supportiveness)1; Increased Spontaneity; Enhanced Self-Regard.
65. FEHR, T.; NERSTHEIMER, U.; and TORBER, S. Study of personality changesresulting from the Transcendental Meditation program: Freiburger PersonalityInventory. Department of Social Affairs, MlU/Forschungsring SchopferischeIntelligenz, Dormagen, W. Germany, 1972.
Less Nervousness (Less Psychosomatic Disturbance); Less Aggressiveness(Greater Self-Control, Greater Emotional Maturity); Less Depression (GreaterContentment, Greater Self-Confidence); Less Irritability (Greater Calm inFrustrating Situations, Greater Tolerance); Greater Sociability (GreaterFriendliness, Greater Liveliness); Greater Placidity (Greater Self-Assuredness,More Good Humor, Less Tendency to Procrastinate); Less Tendency to Dominate(Greater Respectfulness); Less Inhibition (Greater Naturalness, GreaterSpontaneity, Greater Self-Sufficiency); Less Neuroticism (Greater EmotionalStability, Less Tension); Greater Self-Reliance (Greater Effectiveness,More Balanced Mood, Greater Vigor).
66. STEK, R. J., and BASS, B. A. Personal adjustment and perceived locusof control among students interested in meditation. Psychological Reports32: 1019-1022, 1973.
Interest in Learning Transcendental Meditation Found to Be Uncorrelatedwith Personality Factors.
67. BERG, W. P. VAN DEN, and MULDER, B. Psychological research on theeffects of the Transcendental Meditation technique on a number of personalityvariables. Findings previously published in Gedrag: Tijdschrift voorPsychologie (Behavior: Journal of Psychology) 4: 206-218, 1976 . Seealso DIJK, H. VAN, and BERG, W. P. VAN DEN. Begripsvaliditeit van de NPV-Zelfwaarde-Ringsschaal.Heymans Bulletins, Psychologische lnstituten R.U., Groningen, the Netherlands,NR: HB-74-147 Ex.
Less Neuroticism; Greater Self-Esteem; Better Self-Image; Greater EgoStrength; Greater Trust; Greater Satisfaction; Greater Self-Actualization;Less Sensitivity to Criticism; Less Depression; Decreased Sense of PhysicalInadequacy.
68. NIDICH, S.; SEEMAN, W.; and SEIBERT, M. Influence of the TranscendentalMeditation program on state anxiety. Department of Psychology, Universityof Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A., 1973.
Decreased Anxiety.
69. HJELLE, L. A. Transcendental Meditation and psychological health.Perceptual and Motor Skills 39: 623-628, 1974.
Increased Self-Actualization: Increases in--Time Competence (Abilityto Live More Fully in the Present, Ability to Connect Past and Present Meaningfully);Inner-Directedness (Independence, Self-Supportiveness); Self-ActualizingValue (Holding of Values of Self-Actualizing People); Feeling Reactivity(Sensitivity to One's Own Needs and Feelings); Spontaneity; Self-Regard;Capacity for Intimate Contact (Capacity for Warm Interpersonal Relationships).Greater Inner Locus of Control; Less Anxiety.
70. NIDICH, S.; SEEMAN, W.; and DRESKIN, T. Influence of TranscendentalMeditation on Self-Actualization: A replication. Journal of CounselingPsychology 20: 565-566, 1973.
Increased Self-Actualization: Increases in--Time Competence (Abilityto Live More Fully in the Present, Ability to Connect Past, Present, andFuture Meaningfully); Inner-Directedness (Independence, Self-Supportiveness);Self-Actualizing Value (Holding of Values of Self-Actualizing People); FeelingReactivity (Sensitivity to One's Own Needs and Feelings); Spontaneity; Self-Acceptance;Capacity for Intimate Contact (Capacity for Warm Interpersonal Relationships).
71. PENNER, W. J.; ZINGLE, H. W.; DYCK, R.; and TRUCH, S. Does an in-depthTranscendental Meditation course effect change in the personalities of theparticipants? Western Psychologist 4: 104-111, 1974.
Greater Interest in Academic Activities; Greater Intellectual Orientation;Greater Aestheticism; Greater Respect for Traditional Religious Values;Greater Adaptability of Mental Orientation; Greater Autonomy; Greater SocialExtroversion; Less Impulsiveness; Greater Personal Integration (DecreasedSocial Alienation and Emotional Disturbance); Lower Anxiety Level; GreaterAltruism.
72. DAVIES, J. The Transcendental Meditation program and progressiverelaxation: Comparative effects on trait anxiety and self-actualization.Department of Psychology, University of New England at Armidale, Armidale,New South Wales, Australia, 1974.
Increased Self-Actualization: Increased Inner-Directedness/Time Competence.Increased Feeling Reactivity (Increased Sensitivity to One's Own Needs andFeelings). Reduced Trait Anxiety.
73. SCHILLING, P. B. The effect of the regular practice of the TranscendentalMeditation technique on behavior and personality. Department of ClinicalPsychology, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, Kentucky, U.S.A., 1974.
Decreased Aggression (Increases in: Tactfulness, Calmness, Easygoingness,Forgiveness, and Consideration; Decreases in: Argumentativeness, Irritability,and Threatening Behavior); Improved Leadership Ability; Growth of a MoreBrave, Adventurous, Action-Oriented Nature; Increased Affiliation (Increasesin: Enjoyment of Friends, Maintenance of Associations with Others, Warmth,Neighborliness, and Co-operativeness); Increased Nurturance (Increases in:Need to Give Sympathy and Assistance to Others, Protectiveness, and Considerationfor Others); Decreased Use of Drugs; Decreased Use of Alcohol.
74. SHAPIRO, J. The relationship of the Transcendental Meditation programto self-actualization and negative personality characteristics. Doctoralthesis (summary), Department of Psychology, University of Southern California,Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., 1974.
Increased Self-Actualization; Decreased Depression; Decreased Neuroticism;Decreased Aggression; Decreased Anxiety.
75. STERN, M. The effects of the Transcendental Meditation program ontrait anxiety. Department of Education, Xavier University, Cincinnati, Ohio,U.S.A., 1974.
Decreased General Anxiety.
76. ORME-JOHNSON, D. W., and DUCK, B. Psychological testing of MIU students:First report. Department of Psychology, Maharishi European Research University,Switzerland, and International Center for Scientific Research, MaharishiInternational University, Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A., 1974.
Greater Self-Actualization in Students at Maharishi International Universitythan in Other College Students: Greater--Time Competence (Ability to LiveMore Fully in the Present, Ability to Connect Past and Present Meaningfully);Inner-Directedness (Independence, Self-Supportiveness); Self-ActualizingValue (Holding of Values of Self-Actualizing People); Spontaneity; Self-Regard;Nature of Man is Constructive (Ability to See Man as Essentially Good);Synergy (Ability to See Opposites of Life as Meaningfully Related); Capacityfor Intimate Contact (Capacity for Warm Interpersonal Relationships).
77. FEHR, T. A longitudinal study of the effect of the TranscendentalMeditation program on changes in personality. Department of Social Affairs,MlU/Forschungsring Schöperische lntelligenz, Dormagen, W. Germany,1974.
Decreased Nervousness (Decreased Psychosomatic Disturbance); DecreasedAggressiveness (Increased Self-Control, Increased Emotional Maturity); DecreasedDepression (Increased Contentment, Increased Self-Confidence); DecreasedIrritability (Increased Calm in Frustrating Situations, Increased Tolerance);Increased Sociability (Increased Friendliness, Increased Liveliness); IncreasedPlacidity (Increased Self-Assuredness, Increased Good Humor, Decreased Tendencyto Procrastinate); Decreased Tendency to Dominate (Increased Flexibility,Respectfulness, and Tolerance); Decreased Inhibition (Increases in: Naturalness,Spontaneity, Self-Sufficiency); Increased Extroversion (Increased Capacityfor Warm Interpersonal Relationships); Decreased Neuroticism (IncreasedEmotional Stability, Decreased Tension); Increased Self-Reliance (IncreasedEffectiveness, More Balanced Mood, Increased Vigor).
78. FERGUSON, P. C., and GOWAN, J. C. Psychological findings on TranscendentalMeditation. Also published as "TM--some preliminary psychological findings"in Journal of Humanistic Psychology 16(3): 51-60, 1976.
Increased Self-Actualization; Decreased Anxiety; Decreased Depression;Decreased Neuroticism.
A: Rehabilitation
79. WINQUIST, W. T. The Transcendental Meditation program and drug abuse:A retrospective study. Department of Sociology, University of Californiaat Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., 1969.
Decreased Drug Abuse.
80. WALLACE, R. K., et al. Decreased drug abuse with Transcendental Meditation:A study of 1,862 subjects. In Drug Abuse: Proceedings of the InternationalConference, ed. Chris J. D. Zarafonetis, pp. 369-376. Philadelphia:Lea and Febiger, 1972.
Decreased Drug Abuse; Decreased Use of Alcohol; Decreased Use of Cigarettes;Decreased Drug Selling; Increased Tendency to Discourage the Use of Drugsby Others.
81. BRAUTIGAM, E. Effects of the Transcendental Meditation program ondrug abusers: A prospective study. Department of Psychology, Universityof Lund, Lund, Sweden, 1972.
Increased Psychological Stability; Increased Adjustment (Increased Self-Acceptance,Satisfaction, and Ability to Handle One's Situation); Decreased Anxiety;Decreased Tension; Decreased Psycho-Motor Retardation; Decreased Drug Abuse.
82. SHAFII, M.; LAVELY, R. A.; and JAFFE, R. D. Meditation and marijuana.American Journal of Psychiatry 131: 60-63, 1974.
Decreased Drug Abuse.
83. SHAFII, M.; LAVELY, R. A.; and JAFFE, R. Meditation and the preventionof alcohol abuse. American Journal of Psychiatry 132: 942-945, 1975.
Decreased Use of Alcohol.
84. LAZAR, Z.; FARWELL, L.; and FARROW, J. T. The effects of the TranscendentalMeditation program on anxiety, drug abuse, cigarette smoking, and alcoholconsumption. Graduate School of Education, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts,U.S.A.; Department of Social Relations, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts,U.S.A.; and Graduate Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham,Massachusetts, U.S.A., 1972.
Decreased Anxiety; Decreased Use of Cigarettes; Decreased Use of Alcohol;Decreased Drug Abuse.
85. KATZ, D. Decreased drug use and prevention of drug use through theTranscendental Meditation program. International Center for Scientific Research,Maharishi International University, Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A., 1974.
Decreased Use of Alcohol; Decreased Drug Abuse.
86. SCHENKLUHN, H., and GEISLER, M. A longitudinal study of the influenceof the Transcendental Meditation program on drug abuse. Drug RehabilitationCenter of Arbeiterwohlfahrt Kreisverband, Mülheim/Ruhr, W. Germany,1974.
Decreased Drug Abuse.
87. ORME-JOHNSON, D. W.; KIEHLBAUCH, J.; MOORE, R.; and BRISTOL, J. Personalityand autonomic changes in prisoners practicing the Transcendental Meditationtechnique. University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, U.S.A., 1971.
Rehabilitation of Prisoners: Increased Physiological Stability and PsychologicalAdaptability--Fewer Spontaneous Skin Resistance Responses; Decreased Obsessive-CompulsiveBehavior (Increased Behavioral Flexibility); Decreased Social Introversion(Increased Social Ease and Outgoingness).
88. CUNNINGHAM, M., and KOCH, W. The Transcendental Meditation programand rehabilitation: A pilot project at the Federal Correctional Institutionat Lompoc, California. International Meditation Society, Los Angeles, California,U.S.A., 1973.
Rehabilitation of Prisoners: Decreased Anxiety; Other Improvements inMental Health.
89. BALLOU, D. The Transcendental Meditation program at Stillwater Prison.Graduate Department of Social Anthropology, University of Kansas, Lawrence,Kansas, U.S.A., 1973.
Rehabilitation of Prisoners: Decreased Anxiety; Decreased Prison DisciplinaryRule Infractions; Fewer Parole Violations; Increased Participation in Recreationaland Educational Activities; Decreased Drug Abuse.
90. CHILDS, J. P. The use of the Transcendental Meditation program asa therapy with juvenile offenders. Doctoral dissertation (abbr.), Departmentof Educational Psychology and Guidance, University of Tennessee, Knoxville,Tennessee, U.S.A., 1973. Dissertation Abstracts International 34/08-A,1973, Order Number AAD74-03806.
Rehabilitation of Juvenile Offenders: Decreased Anxiety; Positive Changeas Reported by Both Subjects and Parents; Decreased Drug Abuse; DecreasedCourt Problems; Increased Happiness; Improved Interpersonal Relationships;Increased Self-Actualization; Enhanced Self-Regard.
91. NIDICH, S. I. A study of the relationship of the Transcendental Meditationprogram to Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning. Doctoral thesis (abbr.),Department of Learning and Development, College of Education, Universityof Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A., 1975. Dissertation AbstractsInternational 36: 4361a-4362a, 1975.
Greater Moral Maturity.
92. ROSS, J. The effects of the Transcendental Meditation program onanxiety, neuroticism, and psychoticism. Master's thesis, Graduate Departmentof Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, 1972.
Decreased Anxiety; Decreased Neuroticism; Decreased Psychoticism.
93. ORME-JOHNSON, D. W.; ARTHUR, G. K.; FRANKLIN, L.; and O'CONNELL,J. The Transcendental Meditation technique and drug abuse counselors. Departmentof Research and Evaluation, Drug and Alcohol Abuse Control and PreventionProgram, Fort Bliss, Texas, U.S.A., 1972.
Improvements in Mental Health: Decreased Anxiety; Decreased Hypochondria;Decreased Internal Conflicts and Confusion; Increased Clarity of Mind, Relaxation,Energy Level, and Sensitivity to Others.
94. DICK, L. D., and RAGLAND, R. E. A study of the Transcendental Meditationprogram in the service of counseling. Departments of Psychology and Education,University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, U.S.A., 1973.
Increased Self-Actualization: Increased Time Competence (Ability to LiveMore Fully in the Present, Ability to Connect Past, Present, and FutureMeaningfully); Increased Inner-Directedness (Independence, Self-Supportiveness);Increased Existentiality (Flexibility in Application of Self-ActualizingValues); Enhanced Self-Regard; Increased Self-Acceptance.
95. BLOOMFIELD, H. H. Some observations on the uses of the TranscendentalMeditation program in psychiatry. Institute of Psychophysiological Medicine,San Diego, California, U.S.A., 1975.
Case Histories Illustrating Benefits in the Treatment of PsychiatricPatients with a Variety of Disorders, Including Anxiety Neurosis, Obsessive-CompulsiveNeurosis, Depression, Drug and Alcohol Abuse, Psychosomatic Disorders, andChronic Insomnia.
B: Productivity and Quality of Life
96. FREW, D. R. Transcendental Meditation and productivity. Academyof Management Journal 17: 362-368, 1974. A version of this study anda second study replicating the results can be found in David R. Frew, Managementof Stress: Using TM at Work. Chicago: Nelson-Hall Press, 1977.
Increased Productivity: Improved Work Performance; Increased Work Satisfaction;Improved Relations with Co-Workers; Improved Relations with Supervisors;Decreased Turnover Propensity; Decreased Self-Report Climb Orientation/IncreasedClimb Orientation as Reported by Co-Workers and Supervisors.
97. FRIEND, K. E. Effects of the Transcendental Meditation program onwork attitudes and behavior. Graduate School of Business, University ofChicago, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A., 1975.
Improved Work Performance; Increased Work Satisfaction; Improved Relationswith Co-Workers; Improved Relations with Supervisors.
98. BORLAND, C., and LANDRITH III, G. Improved quality of city life throughthe Transcendental Meditation program: Decreased crime rate. Departmentof Educational Psychology, Maharishi European Research University, Switzerland,and Department of Psychology, Maharishi International University, Fairfield,Iowa, U.S.A., 1976.
Improved Quality of City Life: Decreased Crime Rate (U.S.A., 1973).
99. DOMASH, L. H. The Transcendental Meditation technique and quantumphysics: Is pure consciousness a macroscopic quantum state in the brain?Department of Physics, Maharishi European Research University, Switzerland,1975.
In this contribution, the data of many of the preceding papers are organizedinto a theory of the Transcendental Meditation technique. Intended mainlyfor an audience of physicists, this paper should be of interest to psychologists,physiologists, and philosophers as well. The author interprets the pureconsciousness state induced by the Transcendental Meditation technique interms of quantum physics as a zero-entropy vacuum state, and puts forwardthe hypothesis that a form of superconductivity in the brain may underlieits physiology.
100. ORME-JOHNSON, D. The dawn of the Age of Enlightenment: Experimentalevidence that the Transcendental Meditation technique produces a fourthand a fifth state of consciousness in the individual and a profound influenceof orderliness in society. Department of Psychology, Maharishi EuropeanResearch University, Switzerland, 1976.
A review of scientific data shows that a fourth state of consciousnessis reached through the Transcendental Meditation program. It is seen thatrepeated experience of this state develops a fifth state of consciousness,cosmic consciousness or enlightenment, in which behavior is spontaneously"in accord with all the laws of nature."
101. WALLACE, R. K. Neurophysiology of enlightenment. Paper presentedat the 26th International Congress of Physiological Sciences, New Delhi,India, October 1974. Livingston Manor, New York: MIU Press, 1974.
This contribution outlines the broad historical implications of scientificresearch on the Transcendental Meditation program for developing enlightenedindividuals, an enlightened society, cultural integrity, and world peace.
102. ORME-JOHNSON, D. W.; CLEMENTS, G.; HAYNES, C. T.; and BADAWI, K.Higher states of consciousness: EEG coherence, creativity, and experiencesof the sidhis. Centre for the Study of Higher States of Consciousness, MaharishiEuropean Research University, Switzerland, 1977.
Global EEG Coherence during Experience of the TM-Sidhis; Correlationsbetween High EEG Coherence, Higher States of Consciousness, Experience ofthe TM-Sidhis, and Creativity.
103. ORME-JOHNSON, D. W., and GRANIERI, B. The effects of the Age ofEnlightenment Governor Training Courses on field independence, creativity,intelligence, and behavioral flexibility. Centre for the Study of HigherStates of Consciousness, Maharishi European Research University, Switzerland,1977.
Increased Field Independence (Growth of a More Stable Internal Frameof Reference, Increased Perceptual Acuity); Increased Creativity--IncreasedFigural Fluency and Originality; Increased Intelligence; Increased BehavioralFlexibility Increased Psychomotor Speed and Motor-Cognitive Flexibility(Findings Indicate a Reversal of the Aging Process).
104. CLEMENTS, G., and MILSTEIN, S. L. Auditory thresholds in advancedparticipants in the Transcendental Meditation program. Department of ExperimentalPsychology, Maharishi European Research University, Switzerland, and InstitutNational de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Recherche en Sciences dela Santé, Universite du Québec, Montreal-Gamelin, Québec,Canada, 1977.
Greatly Improved Auditory Thresholds.